Utilization of Biomass Extraction Waste for Filter Cartridge Production to Improve Water Quality Based on Total Alkalinity and Total Hardness Parameters
Keywords:
Biomass waste, Water quality, Total alkalinity, Total HardnessAbstract
Biomass waste from extraction consists of waste with a relatively high carbon content derived from cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Despite its potential for conversion into activated carbon to enhance water quality, this waste is rarely utilized. This research aims to investigate the use of biomass waste as activated carbon to improve water quality, specifically focusing on total alkalinity and total hardness metrics. The study employed charcoal produced from previous research, which was applied to water samples collected from Universitas Negeri Surabaya. Alkalinity was measured using acidimetric titration, while hardness was assessed through complexometric titration. The results indicate that Unesa bozem water has an alkalinity level of 240.09 mg/L CaCO3 (high) and a hardness value of 214.71 mg/L CaCO3 (hard). The use of the filter led to a significant reduction in these metrics, with total alkalinity decreasing to 110.33 mg/L CaCO3 (ideal) and hardness reduced to 117.63 mg/L CaCO3 (slightly hard). These findings demonstrate that the activated charcoal produced effectively decreases both total alkalinity and total hardness. Additionally, the production of filter paper from biomass waste charcoal after extraction may be optimized by modifying the activation process to produce different forms of activated charcoal with improved absorption capacity.
References
Adejumobi, M. A., Olaoye, R. A., Adebayo, T. B., & Onofua, O. E. (2022). Quality Minimization of Agricultural Drainage Water for Irrigation Water Reuse Using Coconut Shell Activated Carbon. Archives of Current Research International, 34–44. https://doi.org/10.9734/acri/2022/v22i530291
Ahmad, M., Ahmad, A., Omar, T. F. T., & Mohammad, R. (2024). Current trends of analytical techniques for total alkalinity measurement in water samples: A review. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 54(8), 2734–2744.
Ali, F., Lestari, D. L., Putri, M. D., & Azmi, K. N. (2018). Identification of the characteristics and patterns of clean water consumption at the household level. Civil Engineering, 9(7), 1–12.
Amosa, M. K. (2016). Sorption of water alkalinity and hardness from high-strength wastewate r on bifunctional activated carbon: process optimization, kinetics and equilibrium studies. Environmental Technology, 37(16), 2016–2039. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2016.1139631
Boyd, C. E. (2015). Total hardness. In Water Quality: An Introduction (pp. 179–187). Springer.
Bykowska-Derda, A., Spychala, M., Czlapka-Matyasik, M., Sojka, M., Bykowski, J., & Ptak, M. (2023). The Relationship between Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases and Total Drinking Water Hardness: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Foods, 12(17), 3255.
Divya, M. P., Krishnamoorthi, S., Ravi, R., Jenner, V. G., Baranidharan, K., Raveendran, M., & Hemalatha, P. (2025). Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from commercially important bamboo species in north eastern India. Advances in Bamboo Science, 11, 100148. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bamboo.2025.100148
Douville, H., Raghavan, K., Renwick, J., Allan, R. P., Arias, P. A., Barlow, M., Cerezo-Mota, R., Cherchi, A., Gan, T., & Gergis, J. (2021). Water cycle changes.
Hatuwal, S., Aryal, G., & Giri, J. (2025). Efficacy of Activated Charcoal Prepared from Livistona chinensis Seeds for Water Purification. Journal of Nepal Chemical Society, 45(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v45i2.82914
ISO. (2012). ISO 10500: Drinking water — Specification.
Jamaković, N., Karahmet, E., & Varešić, B. (2019). Assessment of Activated Charcoal Efficiency with Filter Paper in the W ater Purification Process. In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems (pp. 758–771). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18072-0_87
Kabir, T., Hasan, M. S., & Das, P. (2018). Applicability of Activated Carbon Filtration in Surface Water Treatmen t.
Liang, W., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Niu, L., Wang, J., Wang, X., & Zhao, X. (2023). Water quality criteria and ecological risk assessment of lead (Pb) in China considering the total hardness of surface water: A national-scale study. Science of The Total Environment, 858, 159554.
Liu, Q., Zhuang, Y., Zhang, Y., Qi, Z., Edwards, M. A., & Shi, B. (2022). Stability of cement mortar lining in drinking water supply pipelines under different hardness and alkalinity conditions. ACS ES&T Water, 2(12), 2519–2527.
Manna, A., & Biswas, D. (2023). Assessment of drinking water quality using water quality index: a review. Water Conservation Science and Engineering, 8(1), 6.
Mohammadpour, A., Gharehchahi, E., Gharaghani, M. A., Shahsavani, E., Golaki, M., Berndtsson, R., Khaneghah, A. M., Hashemi, H., & Abolfathi, S. (2024). Assessment of drinking water quality and identifying pollution sources in a chromite mining region. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 480, 136050.
Mosley, L. M., Willson, P., Hamilton, B., Butler, G., & Seaman, R. (2015). The capacity of biochar made from common reeds to neutralise pH and re move dissolved metals in acid drainage. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(19), 15113–15122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4735-9
Muljadi, M., Samun, S., & Rusdiansyah, R. (2021). PENENTUAN KONSTANTA FREUNDLICH PADA PENURUNAN KESADAHAN AIR DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN KARBON AKTIF. https://doi.org/10.20961/EKUILIBRIUM.V3I2.49629
Mustaqim, A. K., Sutanto, S., & Syahputri, Y. (2021). COFFEE GROUND ACTIVATED CHARCOAL AND ITS POTENTIAL AS AN ADSORBENT OF Ca2+ AND Mg2+ IONS IN REDUCING WATER HARDNESS. Helium: Journal of Science and Applied Chemistry, 1(2), 42–45. https://doi.org/10.33751/helium.v1i2.4537
Rachmawati, R., Wati, I. D., & Sa’adah, A. (2024). Production of Activated Charcoal from Natural Material Extraction Laboratory Waste Residue as an Effort for Laboratory Waste Utilization and Reduction, and Heavy Metal Absorption Activities BT - Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Scienc. 32–38. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-626-0_5
Sudsandee, S., Tantrakarnapa, K., Tharnpoophasiam, P., Limpanont, Y., Mingkhwan, R., & Worakhunpiset, S. (2017). Evaluating health risks posed by heavy metals to humans consuming blood cockles (Anadara granosa) from the Upper Gulf of Thailand. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(17), 14605–14615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9014-5
Sulman, L., & Irawan, J. (2016). Pengelolaan Limbah Kimia di Laboratorium Kimia PMIPA FKIP UNRAM. Jurnal Pijar Mipa, 11(2).
Yanti, W., Sosidi, H., Indriani, Prismawiryanti, Puspitasari, D. J., Mirzan, M., Abdul Rahim, E., & Irmawati Inda, N. (2023). Pemanfaatan Karbon Aktif Kulit Kacang Tanah untuk Menurunkan Kadar Ion logam Ca2+ dan Mg2+ dalam Air. KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia, 9(2), 157–163. https://doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16397
